Circuits & schematics

Electronics guide

Electronic circuits and electronic schematics

A printed circuit board for the original circuit is available through FAR Circuits.  Ask them for "Andy Mitz's One transistor FM radio printed circuit board".  The same circuit board can be modified for the improved one transistor radio.

Introduction

AM radio circuits and kits abound.  Some work quite well.  But, look around and you will find virtually no FM radio kits.  Certainly, there are no simple FM radio kits.  The simple FM radio circuit got lost during the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors.  In the late 1950s and early 1960s there were several construction articles on building a simple superregenerative FM radio.  After exhaustive research into the early articles and some key assistance from a modern day guru in regenerative circuit design, I have developed this simple radio kit. It is a remarkable circuit.  It is sensitive, selective, and has enough audio drive for an earphone.  Read more about theory behind this radio on the low-tech FM page.

Construction

parts source

Except the the circuit board and battery, all parts are from Mouser Electronics.  A complete parts list with stock numbers is listed below. The circuit board is available through FAR Circuits.  The variable capacitor is available through Electronix Express.

layout

Because this is a superregenerative design, component layout can be very important.  The tuning capacitor, C3, has three leads.  Only the outer two leads are used; the middle lead of C3 is not connected.  Arrange L1 fairly close to C3, but keep it away from where your hand will be.  If your hand is too close to L1 while you tune the radio, it will make tuning very difficult. 

winding L1

L1 sets the frequency of the radio, acts as the antenna, and is the primary adjustment for super-regeneration.  Although it has many important jobs, it is easy to construct.  Get any cylindrical object that is just under 1/2 inch (13 mm) in diameter.  I used a thick pencil from my son's grade school class, but a magic marker or large drill bit work just fine.  #20 bare solid wire works the best, but any wire that holds its shape will do.  Wind 6 turns tightly, side-by-side, on the cylinder, then slip the wire off.  Spread the windings apart from each other so the whole coil is just under an inch (2.5 cm) long.  Find the midpoint and solder a small wire for C2 there.  Mount the ends of the wire on your circuit board keeping some clearance between the coil and the circuit board. 

a tuning knob for C3

C3 does not come with a knob and I have not found a source.  A knob is important to keep your hand away from the capacitor and coil when you tune in stations.  The solution is to use a #4 nylon screw.  Twist the nylon screw into the threads of the C3 tuning handle. The #4 screw is the wrong thread pitch and will jam (bind) in the threads. This is what you want to happen.  Tighten the screw just enough so it stays put as you tune the capacitor.  The resulting arrangement works quite well.

Adjustment

If the radio is wired correctly, there are three possible things you can hear when you turn it on:  1) a radio station, 2) a rushing noise, 3) a squeal, and 4) nothing.  If you got a radio station, you are in good shape.  Use another FM radio to see where you are on the FM band.  You can change the tuning range of C3 by squeezing L1 or change C1.  If you hear a rushing noise, you will probably be able to tune in a station.  Try the tuning control and see what you get.  If you hear a squeal or hear nothing, then the circuit is oscillating too little or too much.  Try spreading or compressing L1. Double check your connections.  If you don't make any progress, then you need to change R4.  Replace R4 with a 20K or larger potentiometer (up to 50K).  A trimmer potentiometer is best. Adjust R4 until you can reliably tune in stations. Once the circuit is working, you can remove the potentiometer, measure its value, and replace it with a fixed resistor.  Some people might want to build the set from the start with a trimmer potentiometer in place (e.g., Mouser 569-72PM-25K).

Substituting other components

Many of the parts are fairly common and might already be in your junk box.  Only certain component values are critical.  The RF choke should be in the range of 20 to 30 uh, although values from15 to 40 uh might work.  The tuning capacitor value is not critical, but if you use values below 50 pf you should reduce or remove C1. The circuit is designed for the high impedance type earphone.  Normal earphones can be used, but the battery drain is much greater and the circuit must be changed.  To use normal earphones, change R3 to 180 ohms.  Q1 can be replace with any high-frequency N-channel JFET transistor, but only the 2N4416, 2N4416A, and J310 have been tested.  A MPF102 probably will work. C2 is not too critical; any value from 18 to 27 pf will work. C7 is fairly critical.  You can use a .005 or .0047 uf, but don't change it much more than that.  

Improved design for more audio gain

Chris Iwata recommended some design changes that greatly improve the audio circuit, making it strong enough for regular earphones or even a small speaker.  The same FAR printed circuit board can be used with some modifications. The circuit board is important to make sure the tuning end of the radio works properly, so the audio amplifier changes can be squeezed onto the circuit board without fear of wrecking radio operation.  Look closely at the new schematic for the new components and some changed component values.

Schematic diagram for the Original One Transistor FM Radio

Schematic diagram for the One Transistor FM Radio with Improved Audio Gain

One Transistor FM Radio with improved audio gain.

 Some wiring notes:

• Unless you have experience with super-regenerative radios, I highly recommend using the FAR Circuits printed circuit board.

• Connect the two sections of the variable capacitor (C3) in series to linearize the tuning somewhat.  That is, use the connections on either end of C3 and don't use the middle lead.

• L2, the RF choke should not be near a ground. The same is true for L1. Capacitance to ground will disturb the feedback.
  The gain is just enough to drive an earphone. If you live too far away from radio stations, you might have trouble hearing one.  There is no option here for an external antenna (that would require and extra transistor).

• You can drive a speaker if you add an external audio amplifier.

• If you want a little more audio gain, or you cannot locate a TL431CLP chip, you can use some other audio amplifier in the circuit where pins 1 and 2 of D1 normally connect. You can use an LM386 or a TDA7052 audio amplifier.  Quasar DIY project kit #3027 is a complete TDA7052 audio amplifier kit and it works fine in this application.
   

Parts list for original circuit (see schematic of the improved version for new part values)

All parts except the RF tuning capacitor can be obtained from
Mouser Electronics
www.mouser.com
sales@mouser.com
1-800-346-6873

The RF tuning capacitor can be obtained from
Electronix Express
electron@elexp.com
1-800-972-2225
In New Jersey 1-732-381-8020
 

Please feel free to send me questions and comments at arm@gnode.org

Title: One Transistor FM Radio
Source: http://www.somerset.net
Published on: 2006-01-15
Reads: 3201
Print version: